An Analysis Of Water Pollution In China Environmental Sciences Essay

An Analysis Of Water Pollution In China Environmental Sciences Essay The challenge of escalating water pollution in China has posed a formidable threat to the existing water bodies that are immensely beneficial to the natives, industries and the government. This water pollution has been as a consequence of effluents from the heavily industrialized areas, which drain chemicals to rivers and other related streams. The escalating quandary of water pollution in China requires swift and practical measures geared towards safeguarding the few water bodies that have not been polluted, and halting further pollution of those already polluted. These efforts will aid in protecting the aquatic life, and improving on environmental conservation. To effectively limit the levels of water pollution, the Chinese Government ought to implement reasonable and valid systems that will guarantee the reduction in release of toxic effluents into the aquatic ecosystem. The appalling state of affairs resulting from the Chinese industrial effluents from the densely populated manufacturing states have reached to points where they threaten to literally extinguish the aquatic life, and thereby rendering once valuable rivers and streams useless. Indeed, these rivers, streams and other water bodies are affected to a point that they can be seen to be contaminated from visual observation. Additionally, strong and awful smells can be felt emanating from the flowing bodies of water; these polluted masses of moving water are usually black in color (Economy 2010). The Chinese authorities ideally want to intervene and implement effective measures to regulate the culpable industries on their commercial release into these rivers and streams. Many industrialists however argue against such a move, instead positing that by implementing a number of restrictive measures, the authorities will be deterring the growth and development of upcoming industries. Such arguments fall flat in face of logic and only help to champion the further degradation of the environment. The industrialists also posit that these measures will reduce production of some companies, which they argue, are particularly critical in global industrial production and the emergence of China as a superpower. Implementation of restrictive laws should not be compromised by vested interests from industrialists. Restrictive and regulatory environmental laws are designed help in guarding environment for the future generations in China. Environmental standards in China are deteriorating at a particularly unsettling pace when compared to other countries. Natives of Chinese towns are pessimistic about future environmental outlooks. They have witnessed once clean rivers turned into sewerage drainage channels because of extremely uncontrolled dumping of industrial refuse. In an environmental conservation article, Rivers Run Black in Shanxi Province in CHINA.ORG.CN website, a farmer called Li Yonggang recalls a few years back when a nearby riverShushui Riverwas remarkably uncontaminated and bustling with marine life. He notes with vivid contract of how the landscape of back then is so different to that of today. At thirty years, everything has changed and very different to what he used to see in th e 1980s. Li compares how he dug a mere 60 meters in the past to get clean drinking water, but nowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦well is 180 meters deep (Rivers Run Black in Shanxi Province). Water pollution is normally graded on a scale of I, II, III, IV and V-where I is the purest with least pollutants and V is the most polluted. Shushui River is currently on grade V. Shanxi province is categorized as leading in having worst river waters in the country because of the big industries in the region (China Knowledge Press Pte Ltd Xiahou, 2005). Environmentalists and natives are equally conscious of the heightening status of the quandary, and most wonder if the deteriorating status will be halted in time since all the ten most polluted cities are in Shanxi (Rivers Run Black in Shanxi Province). According to Jian Xies book Addressing Chinas water scarcity: recommendations for selected water resource management issues, which was written in collaboration with the World Bank, the Peoples Republic of China possesses no adequate and proper sewerage management system and as a result, both the public and domestic waste is channeled into nearby water bodies. Some rivers have turned red as a result, clearly depicting the extent of pollution. (See illustration below). Also about 500 million citizens do not have any kind of access to hygienically treated drinking water and majority resort to taking filthy water from rivers (Xie World Bank, 2009). Current studies depict excessive discharge of mans refuse and other pollutants from agricultural area. The discharging of waste in the sea is rampant because the majority of the rural populations do not have abundant water conditioning facilities. This puts them on the verge of getting infected with industrial and human waste related diseases. The Xie/ World Bank book highlights the concerns of many people lacking domestic water, and indicates that such predicaments have pushed people to use flowing water from streams and rivers. Here, they can wash clothes and get water for cooking and drinking. The most culpable industries in the list of agents of pollution are plants that manufacture drugs, chemicals and tannery mills. The picture below shows how factories located near water bodies in China easily dump heaps of wastes. Wastes can be seen spilling in the river depository. Yangtze effluence Evident as it is, water contamination is primarily caused by industrial processes. From the observation of the visual evidence above, not only is water being affected, but the air is equally polluted. These emissions of toxic substances into the environment cost the Chinese government almost $69 billion annually, a figure that is spent on dismal efforts closely related to environmental conservation but which barely have any effect. Marquita Hill reports in Understanding Environmental pollution that China disposes about 11.7 million pounds of organic waste annually. This is mindboggling when you consider that industrialized nations such as the United States emits about 5.5, Japan emits around 3.4, Germany 2.3, India 3.2 and South Africa a paltry 0.6 (Hill, 2009). When you do the mathematics, Chinas emission is almost equal to all these five countries. This is intense pollution according to the statistics the rate is increasing endangering the human existence. There has been evidence of algae blooms in rivers and lakes caused by surface run-off during rainy seasons where industrial and farming chemicals are deposited in the rivers. Hill elaborates on how these run-offs result in the depletion of oxygen in the water leading to death of aquatic life. Chinese residents did try to curb this by pumping oxygen mechanically in water but the ultimate responsibility rests on the government to regulate the use of toxic industrial chemicals in these sectors. China aimed at cutting down on water effluence by ten percent from 2008 to 2010. It also attempted to clean Huai basin in Anhui Province in the 80s and 90s but those efforts foundered; $8 million dollars was spent on the project. It is clear currently that China must invest in river protection. China says water pollution double official figure, (Reuters 2010). According to this report China had grossly underestimated the levels of corruption posted in 2007. Apparently, the government estimation did not factor in the waste from agricultural activities, A study by Chinas Environmental Protection Agency in February 2010 said that water pollution levels were double what the government predicted them to be mainly because agricultural waste was ignored (Reuters, 2010). This unmasked the truth of the matter in China; the extent of Chinas environmental predicaments could be much worse! This also questioned whether the Chinese government is cognizant of its predicament and what measures it must take to reduce negative effects. Earlier in 2007, government reported it had reduced COD by 30 percent to 13.3metric tons. The article reports of extremely alarming statistics of water pollution which need quick action before things get out of manageable brackets. Coupled with both industrial and domestic emissions, the COD rose by 5 percent around the original one in 2007 (Reuter, 2010). China faces dual predicament of water pollution and scarcity. Its vast population is faced with severe water problem which is extreme in heavily populated cities. There are also cases of inadequately treated municipal waters which is unhygienic for human drinking. China therefore is forced to harvest or extract impure water especially in Yantai, Qingdao and Behai. China must supplement its water resources; straighten out any sluggishness in municipal facilities, equip sewerage firms with resources to treat toxic waste and properly channel the drainage system and enact laws to combat irresponsible industrial behaviors. In the country, most of the rivers have grade IV and grade V of pollution; these rivers are toxic and extremely unhealthy for human and living things use. It is the governments responsibility to clean the rivers and avert possible ecological disasters.

Decision-Making Models Essay -- Decision-Making Model Analysis

Decision-Making Models General assumptions create the foundation of a person's reasoning. Imperfections with a supposition can create the opportunity for a skewed perspective in a person's reasoning process (Paul & Elder, 2002). The process of choosing one course of action over another is commonly known as decision making. Consciously or unconsciously, people make decisions on a daily basis founded on one or more of the various decision-making models (Sullivan, n.d.). This paper examines how I apply various decision-making models in the workplace to generate accurate workload estimations in my career. The Qualitative Choice Theory also known as analogous reasoning uses past experience to help an individual make decisions. A resolution is derived by looking at what has occurred historically and basing the decision on the expected outcome (Arsham, 1994). The Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) methodology is a decision-making model that uses a mathematical formula established on realistic, pessimistic, and optimistic estimates to provide an accurate estimate of the most likely amount of time to complete a project (â€Å"Critical path analysis & pert charts,† n.d.). Building on the analogous methodology, the parametric decision-making model looks at one small piece of a project, estimates the amount of time required to complete the particular section of the project, and multiplies the smaller piece times the number of total pieces (International Society of Parametric Analysts, 1999). The Monte Carlo simulation is a technique that makes use of computer models to aid in making decisions in intricate circumstances (Grambow, n.d.). My duties at work often require that I provide estimations for the level of effort required for projects I am working on and I employ all three of the aforementioned decision-making methodologies. More often than not, I rely on the analogous model drawing on my experience as a subject matter expert to create time estimates for small projects. Drawing on more than 5 years of programming experience, I am able create realistic estimates of the level of effort required to complete a small project. I use this methodology when asked to estimate simple text changes to the user interface for Web pages I maintain. For example, a client has just requested a change to the welcome page of his Web site and has committed to provide text... ...Retrieved June 20, 2005, from The University of Baltimore Web site: http://home.ubalt.edu/ ntsbarsh/opre640/partXIII.htm Bassham, G., Irwin, W., Nardone, H., & Wallace, J.M. (2002). Critical thinking [Electronic Version]. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Critical path analysis & pert charts. (n.d.). Retrieved June 21, 2005, from http://www.work911.com/cgi-bin/links/jump.cgi?ID=4532 International Society of Parametric Analysts. (1999). Parametric estimating initiative (pei) parametric estimating handbook: Company developed models (chap. 4). Retrieved June 20, 2005, from http://www.ispa-cost.org/PEIWeb/ch4.htm Grambo, M. (n.d.). Monte carlo analysis. Retrieved June 22, 2005, from The University of Scranton Web site: http://academic.uofs.edu/ faculty/gramborw/tumonte.htm Paul, R. & Elder, L. (2002). Critical thinking: Tools for taking charge of your professional and personal life [Electronic Version]. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Sullivan, M. (n.d.). Problem solving, decision making and critical thinking. Retrieved June 20, 2005, from Villanova University Web site: http://www52.homepage.villanova.edu/maureen.sullivan/ coursematerial/L&M_Notes/ProblemSolving.htm

The Use of Magical Realism in Gabriel-Garcia Márquez’s Chronicle of a Death Foretold

Gabriel-Garcia Marquez is an author known for the use of Magical Realism in his novels. Throughout the novel â€Å"Chronicle of a death foretold†, the novelist Gabriel-Garcia Marquez uses magical realism as a genre frequently. Magical Realism is defined as being the juxtaposition of realism with fantastic, mythic and magical/supernatural elements. Marquez reflects magical realism by exploring both natural and supernatural worlds and illustrating traces of the culture the characters have, which is Latin American. The magical elements that are present within the novel are: superstitions, exaggerations, dreams that come true and the coincidental bizarre situations. Exploring the use of magical realism will give an insight to the characters’ personality, thoughts and actions. On top of that, it will also give an insight to what the author’s thoughts are. Therefore, the thesis question will be answered and analyzed â€Å"The Use of Magical Realism in Gabriel-Garcia Marquez's Chronicle of a Death Foretold†. Gabriel-Garcia Marquez uses magical realism in Chronicle of a Death Foretold to illustrate the narrative in prose and verse or details about character that are not relevant. In the opening of the novel, the narrator discusses the dream that Santiago Nasar has right before his death. The narrator states â€Å"He’d dreamed he was going through a grove of timber trees where a gentle drizzle was falling, and for an instant he was happy in his dream, but when he awoke he felt completely spattered with bird shit†[1]. This cynical detail does not support the style of narrative of investigative journalism.

Global Warming And Its Effects - 1416 Words

Global Warming The earth is getting warmer, animals and their habitats are declining, human health is at risk and the cause of all this terror is Global Warming. Global warming will cause many parts of the world to change. In the next 50 years climate change could be the cause of more than a million terrestrial species becoming extinct. Sea levels will raise which means more flooding and is not good for the plants. With too much water the plants will die and herbivores will lose their food source as well as their habitats. As a result the food chain will be broken and survival for any creature is slim to none. In conclusion, Global Warming is an important issue, but before we can devise any solutions we must first understand the causes. This paper will focus on the causes of global warming and argue that excessive carbon dioxide emissions is the predominate cause. This paper will start of briefly discussing the history of Global Warming (GW) by explaining how greenhouse gases contribute to GW thro ugh the greenhouse effect and how production of these gases has increased along with rise in global temperatures. Next, it will explain the causes of global warming including carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrus oxide (fertilizer) emissions. The strengths and the weaknesses of each cause will be looked at; prompting the conclusion that inflated carbon dioxide emissions are the essential driver. The final segment of the paper will conclude and explain policyShow MoreRelatedGlobal Warming And Its Effects985 Words   |  4 PagesEnvironmental Science Professor Mahoney 11/11/14 Global Warming Over the last few decades global warming has become one of the biggest environmental issues of all times. Every year, global warming gets worse and it’s affecting the way people live, it is affecting the atmosphere in general, and other living organisms in our planet. Global warming is the gradual and increasing rise of the overall temperature of the Earth caused by the greenhouse effect due to the increased levels of carbon dioxide andRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects Essay1040 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal warming is directly causing the rise in temperature of the Earth. The melting of the polar ice caps causes some of the most pressing issues including the endangerment of species indigenous to this region and the rise of ocean levels. Global Warming Global warming is the steady rise of temperature of the Earth’s surface. What exactly causes global warming? Numerous sources fuel global warming, such as deforestation, permafrost, and even sunspots. Obviously, many factors contribute to thisRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects1331 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Warming Global warming is the causation of the Glaciers melting, sea levels rising, cloud forests drying, and wildlife struggles today. Humans are making this possible because of their release of heat-trapping gasses known as greenhouse gasses by their modern devices. Global warming is the abnormal speedy increase in the Earth’s average surface temperature. It is believed that this is due to the greenhouse gasses that people release into the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels.The greenhouseRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects976 Words   |  4 PagesAs global warming, we understand that is the rise in the average temperature of Earth’s atmosphere and oceans. It has been an immense concerning all over the world for the past decades since the current cycle of global warming is changing the rhythms of climate that humans, animals and plants rely on. Scientists have studied the natural cycles and events that are known to influence the change in climate to discover what i s originating the current global warming. However, the amount and pattern ofRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects1571 Words   |  7 PagesAs global issues today become increasingly controversial, many people are inclined to believe that Global Warming is an issue that can take a backseat to more significant issues that plague today’s society. The information presented throughout my research in regards to the rising sea levels and the melting of glaciers and ice shelves, highly indicates that it cannot. What many Americans fail to realize is that if sea levels continue to rise due to Global Warming, then more than half of LouisianaRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects1544 Words   |  7 PagesGlobal warming is one of the vigorously discussed topic on Earth today. According to a TechMedia Network, â€Å"Global warming is the term used to describe a gradual increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere and its oceans, a change that is believed to b e permanently changing the Earth’s climate.† (â€Å"Global Warming †¦ Effects†). We have been witnessing the change in Earth’s climate since past few years, and we are well aware of the consequences of climate change as well. Global warmingRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects1432 Words   |  6 Pageshas an effect on climate change and contributes to global warming. Yet people tend to turn a blind eye to global warming and label it as a myth, whether they do not believe in it or it is not in their best financial interest to believe in it. Let us take a closer look at global warming and the effects it has on our people, homes and environments. Global Warming has become a rising problem in our world’s climate. It’s time we show the initiative to understand the concept of global warming and showRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects928 Words   |  4 PagesGlobal-Warming Mother Earth is burning as we speak; humanity has killed our precious Earth. Global-warming is a vicious killer that was created by the humans on this Earth, and there s no way to cure it. We, as humans, have the power to cleanse the Earth, but instead we destroy it. Heat is absorbed by carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases. A greenhouse gas absorb thermal radiation emitted by the Earth s surface. As the sun s energy reaches the Earth’s surface some of it goes back out into spaceRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects1312 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal warming is presenting a lot of environmental and health problems to many countries. A lot of heat gets trapped on earth due to formation of a non-porous layer gases below the atmosphere. The worst effect is felt by developing countries, which are also geographically disadvantaged. The establishment of such countries is on low altitude areas. This position makes developing countries to be direct victims of floods from the melting sno w at high altitude areas. A lot of scientific research associatesRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects1512 Words   |  7 PagesGlobal warming is one of the most alarming and pressing issues that the world faces today. Global warming is the rise of the earth’s temperature over time. The damaging effects of global warming have become more and more apparent, with more tropical storms and hurricanes causing massive destruction, more animal species losing their habitats and coming under threat, rising sea levels, etc. According to NASA, the hottest year on record was 2005, which was the same as 1998. In the last ten years, twice

What Courses Do Chemical Engineering Students Take

Are you interested in studying chemical engineering? Heres a look at some of the courses chemical engineering students are expected to take in college. The actual courses you would take depend on which institution you attend, but expect to take a lot of math, chemistry, and engineering courses. Youll also study environmental sciences and materials. Many engineers take classes in economics and ethics, too. BiologyCalculusComputer ScienceDifferential EquationsElectronicsEngineeringEnvironmental EngineeringGeneral ChemistryGeometryMaterialsMechanicsOrganic ChemistryPhysical ChemistryPhysicsReactor DesignReactor KineticsStatisticsThermodynamics Typical Course Requirements Chemical engineering usually is a four-year degree, requiring 36 hours of coursework. The specific requirements vary from one institution to another, so here are some examples: Princetons School of Engineering and Applied Science requires: 9 engineering courses4 math courses2 physics courses1 general chemistry course1 computer class1 general biology courseDifferential equations (math)Organic chemistryAdvanced chemistryElectives in science and the humanities What Makes It Special? Studying chemical engineering opens opportunities not only for engineering, but also for biomechanical science, modeling, and simulations. Courses specific to chemical engineering can include: Polymer scienceBioengineeringSustainable energyExperimental biologyBiomechanicsAtmospheric physicsElectrochemistryDrug developmentProtein folding Examples of areas of chemical engineering specialization include: BioengineeringBiotechnologyMicroelectronicsEnvironmental engineeringEngineering mechanicsMaterials scienceNanotechnologyProcess dynamicsThermal engineering Now that you know what courses a chemistry major takes, you may be wondering why you should consider a career in engineering. There are several good reasons to study engineering.

Jane Austen s Pride And Prejudice - 1048 Words

In the novel Pride and Prejudice, love at first sight is mocked throughout the characters in this nineteenth century society. Jane Austen portrays irony in certain characters’ romances. Some characters were expected to be together due to â€Å"love at first sight,† yet Austen creates conflict which disrupts these relationships. Jane Austen mocks conventional romantic novels by developing hardships and obstacles among characters’ romances. Austen shatters the expectations of â€Å"love at first sight† and emphasizes the use of reason in relationships. As one can see, the characters in this novel face nontraditional romances. Jane Austen uses Darcy’s pride and Elizabeth’s prejudice to develop the love they have for one another. Darcy recognizes that â€Å"Her sister made not the smallest objection, and the pianoforte was opened, and Darcy, after a few moments recollection, was not sorry for it. He began to feel the danger of paying Elizabeth too much attention† (Austen 49). Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth are made out to hate each other, for they have opposite personal qualities that clash each other. But that famous saying is true here, opposites do attract. Elizabeth’s pride gets in the way of how she views Mr. Darcy. Mr. Darcy’s prejudice against Elizabeth and her family drifts him from liking her. These two characters have many hardships and difficulties to overcome in order to be together. In this passage, the two characters have not realized the true potential of their feelings, yet Mr.Show MoreRelatedJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1294 Words   |  6 PagesJane Austen s exceptional novel Pride and Prejudice has been depicted as a classic that is as much a social study on class, marriage and gender as it is a romantic tale. It is an amusing representation of the social atmosphere of the late eighteenth and mid nineteenth century England, and it is primarily required with courtship rituals of the English high class. The novel is more than a romantic tale, however through Austen s subtle, and ironic style, it addresses gender, class, and marriageRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1231 Words   |  5 Pagesfinancial stability. In the novel Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen states that the desire for better social connections interferes with the workings of love through the relationship between Darcy and Elizabeth to criticize the social class structure of the 19th century. Anxieties about social connections or the desire for better social connections, interfere with the workings of love. Darcy and Elizabeth s realization of a mutual and tender love seems to imply that Jane Austen views love as something independentRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice992 Words   |  4 Pages It is unfortunate that many people tend to dismiss Jane Austen’s novel, Pride and Prejudice, as simply a romantic love story, even labeling it a â€Å"chick flick.† Upon a shallow reading, it may appear to be such, but a closer look at the novel reveals so much more embedded in the story. In addition to describing the entertaining relationship between Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy, the novel serves to forward Austen s personal values and ideas. Furthermore, there is one issue of her era that she particularlyRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1138 Words   |  5 PagesPride and Prejudice is a novel about the superficiality of marriage during the late 19th and early 20th century, which largely influenced the decisions made by individuals, based on connections and social rankings. The novel takes its characters through various changes influenced by their decision to or rather not to marry certain individuals. It begins not by a man desiring to marry for love, but by a mother who desires nothing more than to marry her daughters well. As the novel develops, Jane AustenRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1211 Words   |  5 PagesJane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice was greatly influenced by the time period in which it was written, This novel follows the story of Elizabeth Bennet and her sisters as they are faced with marriage proposals. The marriage and roles of women in this time period are shown throughout this story. During the time Austen was writing this novel, a woman’s role for her family changed. Daughters started to become a way for their family to achieve more money. Because their family depended on this finan cialRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1678 Words   |  7 PagesAfter reading Jane Austen’s most popular piece of work, the effects of the high societal expectations can be acknowledged through viewing the lives of the Bennet family and friends and noting such effects. Through the examination of the characters in Pride and Prejudice it is easily deciphered between marriages based upon true love and marriage based upon the expectations of society. Society’s main goal for woman in the Victorian era was marriage. As seen many in Pride and Prejudice, marriage wasRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1675 Words   |  7 PagesIn Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, she has specific criteria that her characters follow when choosing their mates. In today’s society, most couples still follow these criteria and more when choosing their ideal mate. What are these important criteria that Austen’s characters consider when choosing a mate? For Austen, the important criteria that she has for choosing a mate are that couples are personally compatible, they are in love with each other, and they must have a good moral character. Read MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1434 Words   |  6 PagesJane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice was considered a radical novel back in 1813 when she wrote and published the piece. It is a social commentary on the treatment and societal standards of women, as well marriage expectations at the turn of the 19th century. Austen criticizes the patriarchal society, materialism, double standards of men and women by centering the book around Elizabeth Bennett, a young woman of decent means who does not understand the reason for the pressure to find a suitable husbandRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1468 Words   |  6 Pagesestablished over time. In Jane Austen s novel, Pride and Prejudice Elizabeth Bennet is the main character who is a lady in the Regency Era. Elizabeth lives in Longbourn with her parents, Mr and Mrs Bennet and her four sisters. In the beginning of the novel, Elizabeth s prejudice mindset and strong opinion blinds her from realizations happening arou nd her. Soon, Elizabeth s prejudice disappears allowing her to open up and fall in love. Throughout Jane Austen s novel, Pride and Prejudice, Elizabeth growsRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1649 Words   |  7 PagesIn her novel, Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen is pre-occupied with the theme of marriage. Marriage is a central issue of a woman’s life but it was even more crucial for the women of her society where women were largely dependent on the men in their lives. As a result, women pursued socio-economic stability through marriage. However, it is clear through the novel that Austen did not agree with this part of her society. In Pride and Prejudice, she gives preference to a marriage which is based on love

Competitive advantages of shadow banking industry - Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Competitive advantages ofshadowbanking industry. Answer: According to the diamond model, the nature or characteristics of the domestic or home country plays a vital role in describing the organizations international competitiveness(Jinabo, Zige, Yayun, 2015). The nations ability to accomplish and achieve its mission at a global level is affected by various factors besides its production factors. Porters Diamond model provides an effective way for the analysis of national competitiveness. Through the porters diamond model assessing the global success of the firm is possible on the basis of home country characteristics. Applicability of Porters diamond Model in Myanmar Phone Industry: Myanmar is a less developed country with rich resources. Getting a clear idea of the home base for foreign competitors is vital in analyzing the mobile phone industry for Myanmar. The factors condition of Myanmar includes climate, natural resources and physical infrastructure(Kordalska Olczyk, 2016). Myanmar is rich in human resources, areas and population. It is a resource rich nation but suffers from rural poverty. The country is still an agro based industry but has shown a rapid increase in telecom sector. Demand conditions: In Myanmar mobile possibilities are evolving more in relation with the internet. The number of mobile owner in Myanmar is growing continuously. The applications of mobile phones are becoming much cheaper which makes it accessible for each and everybody(Bhawsar Chattopadhyay, 2015).Upcoming online business in Myanmar includes the App builders. Government of Myanmar stimulates rules and regulation for the mobile market. There always an interaction between the size, economies of scale and transportation cost relevant in Myanmar. Porters diamond models demand condition involves factors such as market growth, size, home demand and sophistication(Kerzner Kerzner, 2017). These features help the firms in creating competitive advantages. Such as, the sophisticated mobile phone buyers generally pressure the firm to create latest advanced products and innovate faster than the competitors from the foreign countries. A products core or fundamental design in fact reflects the market needs of the home country. The requirements for the home market also shape the industry that is later affected by the global markets. Factors Endowments: The IT workforce is growing and developing at a rapid rate. Government of Myanmar puts continuous and great efforts in the IT policies related to mobile industry(Kordalska Olczyk, 2016).The climatic condition of Myanmar is also suitable for setting the infrastructure and knowledge resources. The foremost and first elements of porter diamond model are the factor conditions. This includes various kinds of resources that may not be easily available in the home country(Wonglimpiyarat, 2015). For instance, Myanmar's physical resources, human resources, capital resources, knowledge resources and infrastructure. Level of Education for internet technology and mobile usage is generally high. Myanmar also has geographical IT advantages The basic factors further includes the home country natural resources like, minerals, climate and minerals, where the factors mobility is minimum. These factors generate ground for competitiveness in the international market. This basic factor can never really turn into real value creation without the support of advanced factors. The advanced factors on the other hand are highly sophisticated in nature, such as research capabilities and human resource skills. Supported and related industry In the current scenario, India is leading in the upcoming microchip market. Myanmar and India are the trading partners and India facilitates various advantages to Myanmar. The government of Myanmar is trying and planning to invest in IT development and mobile research development. Myanmar is also recently a leading company in all the IT and mobile related production. The success of the mobile industry depends mostly on its suppliers and the related industries within the region. The competitive suppliers in the mobile industry or mobile industry reinforce internationalization and innovation(Slvell, 2015). Besides the suppliers in Myanmars mobile industry the related companies like Ooredoo and Telenor. If the organization is successful, it could be beneficial for both the supporting ad related companies. The mobile phone companies can be benefitted from the related industry know-how. This could be encouraged through producing complementary products. The supporting and related industri es could generate inputs that are vital for internationalization and innovation. These industries facilitate cost-effective techniques and also help in the upgrading process. This further stimulates other firm in the similar segment to innovate. Moreover, the success of a firm is related with its current suppliers and supporting industries within the particular region. For example, the international competitiveness of the Myanmar mobile industry could be easily explained by the high focus of the mobile industry related to this segment. Firms strategy and production: Myanmar has competitive advantage in respect to its low labor costs and abundance of raw materials. Majority of foreign countries are now shifting their operations in Myanmar. The mobile phone industry of Myanmar ventures with high IT technology firms. It targets the niche market through improvement of mobile technology and continuous development. Through, porters diamond model an organization can identify all the factors that are required to build competition at national level. Hence, this model is often applied during internationalization efforts(Acs, Audretsch, Lehmann, Licht, 2016). All the factors are significant for the competitiveness of the mobile industry in Myanmar with respect to its international competitors. An organization will be able to formulate its business strategic goal on considering these factors. The factor is related to the process in which organization is managed and organized. The countrys cultural aspects play a vital role in this element. This focuses on the market condition of mobile industry prevalent in the Myanmars market. The working condition, interactions and morale between the organizations are shaped differently in the various countries. Porters diamond model this element generally includes the ways in which a company manages and organizes itself. The companys nature of rivalry and objectives in the home market. The techniques in which a firm set goals, establishes itself and is managed is crucial for its success in the international market. Though the presence of fierce competition in the market from the rival industries creates pressure. This forces the firms to innovate and create new products and services so that it can upgrade and maintain its competitiveness. Constant pressure due to the existing competition facilitates them in developing competitive products and offering them at flexible prices to stay competitive in overall market. Government: The government of Myanmar plays a vital role in encouraging and uplifting the development of companies and industries both at abroad and home. The government of Myanmar is promoting the mobile phone industry by launching new schemes and phone plans. Moreover, Myanmars government encourages the organization to use alternative environmental system or alternative energy that would create positive impact on production. The government of Myanmar also provides financial subsidies and granting subsidies. The government of Myanmar has recently approved FDI in single as well multiband on specified rules and regulations. This policy has thus ensured various foreign retailers to enter into Myanmar via direct investment routes. The government of a country strongly affects the firms international competitiveness. Moreover, it can affect the other five elements of the Porter Diamond model. Exports of the country is either promoted or hindered due to its government rules and regulations. It can cre ate a major impact on the supply techniques or condition of their main production factors. Furthermore, it can shape the competition between various firms and shape the conditions for demand in the home market. These interventions can take place at local, domestic, national and even international level (Riasi, 2015). Chances events: The final and last element of the Porters diamond model includes chance. Chance is all those random events that are beyond the organizational control. It could prove to be very vital for the international competitiveness. In most market condition, chances play a vital role in the business environment (Byun, Lee, Kim, 2016). This facilitates new opportunities for the companies to produce innovative products and services. Myanmar is recently known as the fourth most fastest growing mobile industry in the world. In the current scenario, millions of mobile subscriber is from Myanmar. Myanmar has currently known about 36 million cell phones subscribers and 5 million rises was just in last quarter. Myanmar is in the fourth position of mobile users just trailing behind its giant neighbors China and India. The United States is leading with the increment of 6 million subscribers last year. The discontinuities generated by chance can leads to be beneficial for some company on the same way can have disadvantages for other firms. Some companies may gain competitive advantages while other may lose. Over the past two years Myanmar mobile industry has varied dramatically. The industry has enabled millions of people to stay connected and the nations mobile subscriber rate has skyrocketed. Earlier the mobile sector has been operated for several decades under monopoly controlled by the state-owned obligatory Myanmar Posts and Mobile industrys (MPT). The current scenario is different; the mobile subscribers are now free to choose between three major firms for coverage. Since 2014, Telenor and Ooredoo Myanmar have switched their services. The sim cards are offered for K1500 each. In the Myanmar market, the prices of sim card have come down. This also created the prices of Smartphones to decrease creating huge demand(Fainshmidt, Smith, Judge, 2016). The mobile industry has recently taken leap straight into the 3G services as well as advanced technologies are also used. Myanmar Smartphone subscription rate has recently stood at around 350 million and the figure is set to be tripled to 850 million in the year 2021 as per the reports. The Ooredoo mobile corporations claim that the affordability, desirability and availability of mobile have rapidly increased. Especially the penetration of Smartphones in the Yangon region has surged (Stepanok, 2015). Smartphones usage is expected to takeover almost 80% of the overall mobile phone subscriptions by the year 2021. Moreover, penetration of Smartphone subscriptions in Myanmar is currently used around by 40% mobile subscribers, which would get double by the end of 2018. The local operators in the region have reported high levels of involvement with data. Moreover most of the mobile users are subscribing for data monthly, as per the report disclosed by The Myanmar Times. Ooreedoo Myanmar has around 80% Smartphones on its network and its usage is beyond 650 megabytes each month on an average. On the other hand, its competitor, Telenor Myanmar mobile users are opting for 3G cell phones (Ooredoo.com.mm, 2018). Myanmar is yet to move to 4G technologies, Ooredoo is set to upgrade its technology to LTE/5G over the next six years. As mostly all the mobile potential customers present in Southeast Asia and Oceania region is already progressing towards the 5G technology. By the end of the year 2018, it has been predicted that Myanmar LTE subscriber base will rise from zero to single digit. Foreign direct investment (FDI) is generally used to involve an organization in upgrading or building a factory in different country. In the current scenario, the FDI also includes the acquisition for managing or controlling interest in another business market(Weber, Alfred, Staueb-Bisang, 2016). There are different ways in which the organization can directly invest in the foreign markets that are as follows: Greenfield investments, this includes investment in facilities or construction of facilities in an international market. Mergers and acquisitions Investment made in joint venture, which is located in foreign market. Globalization has given rise to flows of inward investment between two countries and created required benefits for the recipient countries. FDI made in other nations is a way of increasing access to the business market that limited or closed by trade barriers, government regulations and procurement practices. The investment made is often used as a window into the business market (Schaltegger Burritt, 2017). This helps in gathering intelligence and information on business market dynamics and the operations of the competitors that would not be available. The investments made help in enhancing the competitiveness. Advantages of Greenfield investments The primary and foremost advantage of Greenfield investments is the high level of authority and direct control over the subsidiary enterprise in which the investment is made. An organization that usually gains entry through Greenfield investments into the foreign market has complete control over the enterprise products or services that is manufactured and sold. This includes full control over the rate of production, product quality and control of the rate in which the firm expand its business in the country (McBridie, et al., 2017)The firm has the option to start its business in small-scale and then it can gradually increase its business presence or can prepare in advance for the large-scale rollout of the organizations product. Greenfield investments enable more effective and easier adaption to the international market. Both pricing and product can be adapted for the needs of local market. In addition to this, having full ownership of its subsidiary company allows an organization to extend its items to the target potential customers. This includes rebates, discounts and warranties as per the market condition. The firms on-site presence also make it more adept in marketing efforts and crafting advertizing with maximum effectiveness present within the particular market environment. This also provides the opportunity to develop partnership ability with the native businesses to increase its market penetration. Depending on Myanmar economic policies, the firm can also gain profit after receiving business tax incentives. Greenfields develops new businesses therefore direct positive impact on domestic value added and employment. This further increases competitive pressures on the domestic competitors therefore inc reasing their efficiency or are forced to exit the market. Greenfield investment (GI) strategy is applied by the government in Myanmar mobile industry. A Greenfield industry is an investment done in cross-border ways. The main organization is built from the scratch and completely owns its subsidiary (Martin Moser, 2016). This investment process further involves the value chain activities and transfer of competences. In the present condition of Myanmar mobile industry, Greenfield investment approach helps in the internalization advantages as it minimizes the transaction costs and increases efficiency. It minimizes the buyer uncertainty as both the buyer and seller are present within the firm compared to acquisition. Greenfield investment has various advantages because of its pioneering positioning. Straight from the very initial phase, the firm making the investment has immense possibility to choose the best location. As per the managements view the construction or building of facilities is made. According to the organizational culture, human resources are hired and directly trained as per the organizational culture of the firm. A Greenfield is easier to integrate in the industry, where technological skills are more relevant and significant (Lv Spigarelli, 2015). The multinational corporations gains more competitive advantage through its differentiated products. The choice of investors for their mode of entry is influenced greatly by these industrial specific factors. The need for internalization and complete control advantages is beneficial for the foreign country to choose Greenfield investment (Kerzner Kerzner, 2017). Concerning firm specific factors, through Greenfield projector the investors are given the opportunity to develop an overall new organization. In the country like Myanmar, which is rich in the availability of resources, like its real estates, Greenfield investment will be more beneficial (Jiang, Peng, Yang, Matlu, 2015). If huge amount of incentives are offered for developing the project, the investing firm can easily be allowed to access the raw materials. Therefore for export oriented and resource seeker Multinational Corporation it would probably be best to make FDI through Greenfield investment. Moreover, Myanmar being a resource rich country and the mobile industry rapid growth rate in the recent years provides a golden opportunity for all the transnational corporations making foreign direct investments. Location advantages are moreover created as it is completely to the parent company to select the location of the firm. For instance, foreign investor for choosing Myanmar for business is careful in picking up their investment sites. The site chosen by the organization is in Yangon, Myanmar to ensure docility of the labor forces(Anderson, 2015). Moreover, it is the capital city of the country and is away from the traditionally unionized regions. Greenfield investments are the entry made in the foreign economy directly. One of the most available options to the firms seeking opportunities to expand its business into the emerging mobile markets of Myanmar is Greenfield investment. Disadvantages of Greenfield Investment: Despite the various advantages of Greenfield approach, most of the organization does not choose this strategy for investment. The high level of start-up costs as well as the high capital investment made in the initial phase makes the business more risky (Heizer, 2016). In addition to this, there are potential difficulties present with the adaption of product or services to customer needs. The uncertainties and knowledge about the market and existing demand trend should be properly ascertained before making the investment. Moreover, a Greenfield investor also has to conquest the market share (Harms Meon, 2018). It is quiet a difficult process for maintain and building relationship with the distributors and suppliers. Market penetration is much likely to be slower through Greenfield investment approach. As high barriers to entry and high market concentration limits the probable growth of Greenfield investment. Contemporary Management Issues: Porters diamond model is used as a tool for analyzing the competitive advantage of Myanmars mobile industry. Through this model the nations empirical support and theoretical coherence is assessed(Fratocchi, Di Maurio, Barbieri, Nassimberi, Zanoni, 2014). In order to obtain full potential of mobile industry in Myanmar, favorable operating environment and large-scale investment is crucial. The Government needs to resolve the foundation of strong mobile industry sector so that it can unleash the present economic benefits and can realize Myanmars growth potential. With the removal of Government sanctions, Myanmar is more likely to gain foreign investments in the mobile industry sector. Lawful Interceptions Government regulations are affecting the management productivity of Myanmars mobile segments. Government and firms practices and policies that bound under the free market are major issues for the international investment. The low wage rate and unfavorable exchange rate policy is a big problem for the management to the tackle to gain competitive advantages(Alfirevi?, 2015). Moreover the location and organizational culture also impacts the productivity rate in the home country. In small and medium sized company of Myanmar leading in mobile segment, the corporate governance, and decision making transparency is yet to achieve the optimal levels. The capital flows are generally made in the location, where higher productivity is achieved. The foreign- owned firms in Myanmar generally carries its operational activities like research and development in the similar manner as the domestic organization of the country. This approach therefore creates competitive advantage locally(Bai, Dhavale, Sarkis, 2016). This does not make Myanmar internationally competitive just by the firm located or situated there are competitive internationally. In the region since the liberalization of Myanmar market, the mobile companies have made high investments in offering voice and deploying networks has given rise to mobile saturations (Ashraf, Herzer, Nunnenkamp, 2016). The impact of Myanmars culture upon the sources of competitive advantage is also given very less attention in the porters model. The achievements of symbolic and visible organizational rewards, importance of performance and growth, accusation of money are the vital factors through which productivity is measured. The management cannot overlook all these vital factors to attain maximum efficiency. The need for vision, communication efforts and leadership qualities plays a vital role in evaluating the firms competitiveness that is not found in the porters diamond model. Land and Labor rights Land rights are a sensitive issue existing in Myanmar due to the previous military government widespread approach land grabs. Determining the land ownership is becoming a challenge therefore is creating a huge challenge for the investors to locate a better site and construct its base and tower station (Dickmann, Brewster, Sparrow, 2016). Greenfield investment is a form of foreign direct investment, where the parent company creates or develops its operational activities in the foreign country from the scratch. Seeking permission for setting up the business is quiet a slow process. Several instances of child labor are also reported recently from the contractors (Daft Marcic, 2016). Multi generational challenges are found in the workplace. The major risk of Greenfield investment is that the firm can pull anytime from the investment, which can prove to be financially devastating. Moreover, setting up a technological mobile industry unit can proved to be quiet capital-intensive. Adequate financing is required in each and every stage of production. The procedure for a foreign company to invest in a Myanmar entity could be slow and complicated. Royalty payments and Interoperate deposits by the parent foreign company to the Myanmar Company is also strongly regulated. Myanmar has various employment and labor laws which could be quiet confusing and challenging for the foreign countries to ascertain. Moreover the law varies depending on the state by which the firm is incorporated. The laws are generally strict compliance and pro-labor in form (Blattman, Green, Jamison, Lehman, Annan, 2016). Moreover, in Myanmar labor conflicts and dispute resolution is a longer and expensive process could affect the business operations Moreover, the mobile sector industry as well as the government plays a little role in providing digital skills training and de-bunking the misconception about internet usage to the people of Myanmar (Bertrand Capron, 2015). Digital literacy is sti ll needed to be addressed for the growth of mobile industry in Myanmar. Lack of income is another reason of huge ownership gap. Bibliography Acs, J., Audretsch, D., Lehmann, E., Licht, G. (2016). National systems of entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics (46(4),), 527-535. Alfirevi?, N. (2015). Editorial to the special issue of Management-Journal of Contemporary Management Issues:" The life and work of Professor Emeritus Marin Buble". journal of contemporary management issues , I-III (20(Special issue)). Anderson, J. S. (2015). Entry mode and emerging market MNEs: An analysis of Chinese greenfield and acquisition FDI in the United States. Research in International Business and Finance (35), 88-103. Ashraf, A., Herzer, D., Nunnenkamp, P. (2016). The effects of Greenfield FDI and cross?border MAs on total factor productivity. The World Economy , 39 (11), 1728-1755. Bai, C., Dhavale, D., Sarkis, J. (2016). Complex investment decisions using rough set and fuzzy c-means: an example of investment in green supply chains. European journal of operational research , 248 (2), 507-521. Bertrand, O., Capron, L. (2015). Productivity enhancement at home via cross?border acquisitions: The roles of learning and contemporaneous domestic investments. Strategic Management Journal. , 36 (5), 640-658. Bhawsar, P., Chattopadhyay, U. (2015). Competitiveness: review, reflections and directions. Global Business Review , 16 (4), 665-679. Blattman, C., Green, E., Jamison, J., Lehman, M., Annan, J. (2016). The returns to microenterprise support among the Ultrapoor: A field experiment in Postwar Uganda. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics , 8 (2), 35-64. Byun, J. W., Lee, S., Kim, S. (2016). The convergence of IP and financial sectors: Analysis of the national competitiveness by using Diamond model approach. Journal of Digital Convergence , 14 (3), 227-234. Conconi, P., Sapir, A., Zanardi, A. (2016). The internationalization process of firms: From exports to FDI. Journal of International Economics , 99, 16-30. Daft, R. L., Marcic, D. (2016). Understanding management. Nelson Education. Dickmann, M., Brewster, C., Sparrow, P. (2016). International Human Resource Management: Contemporary HR Issues in Europe. Routledge. Fainshmidt, S., Smith, A., Judge, W. (2016). Global Strategy Journal , 6 (2), 81-104. Fratocchi, L., Di Maurio, C., Barbieri, P., Nassimberi, P., Zanoni, A. (2014). When manufacturing moves back: concepts and questions. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management , 20 (1). Harms, P., Meon, P. (2018). Good and useless FDI: The growth effects of greenfield investment and mergers and acquisitions. Review of International Economics. Heizer, J. (2016). Operations Management,. Pearson Education India. Jiang, Y., Peng, M., Yang, X., Matlu, C. (2015). Privatization, governance, and survival: MNE investments in private participation projects in emerging economies. Journal of World Business , 294-301. Jinabo, H., Zige, D., Yayun, R. (2015). Research on the Competitive Advantage of Big Data Industry in ChinaBased on Modified Diamond Model. Journal of Industrial Technological Economics , 6, 004. Kerzner, A., Kerzner, H. (2017). Project Management: A system approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Kordalska, A., Olczyk, M. (2016). Global Competitiveness and Economic Growth: A One-way or Two-Way Relationship? Equilibrium. Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy , 11 (1), 121-142. Lv, P., Spigarelli, F. (2015). The integration of Chinese and European renewable energy markets: The role of Chinese foreign direct investments. Energy Policy (81), 14-26. Martin, P. R., Moser, D. (2016). Managers green investment disclosures and investors reaction. Journal of Accounting and Economics , 61 (1), 239-254. McBridie, Sanchez-Triguerous, F., Carver, S., Carver, S., Watson, A., Stumpf, L., et al. (2017). Participatory geographic information systems as an organizational platform for the integration of traditional and scientific knowledge in contemporary fire and fuels management. Journal of Forestry , 115 (1), 43-50. Ooredoo.com.mm. (2018). Retrieved January 26, 2018, from Mobile Services - Myanmar | Ooredoo For Business': https://www.ooredoo.com.mm/en/Business.aspx Riasi, A. (2015). Competitive advantages of shadow banking industry: An analysis using Porter diamond model. Business Management and Strategy , 6 (2), 15-27. Schaltegger, S., Burritt, R. (2017). Contemporary environmental accounting: issues, concepts and practice. Routledge. Slvell, . (2015). The Competitive Advantage of Nations 25 yearsopening up new perspectives on competitiveness. Competitiveness Review , 25 (5), 471-481. Stepanok, I. (2015). Cross?border Mergers and Greenfield Foreign Direct Investment. Review of International Economics , 23 (1), 111-136. Weber, B., Alfred, H., Staueb-Bisang. (2016). Infrastructure as an asset class: investment strategy, sustainability, project finance and PPP. John wiley sons. Wonglimpiyarat, J. (2015). New economics of innovation: Strategies to support high-tech SMEs. The Journal of High Technology Management Research , 26 (2), 186-195.